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Patent Revocation in India: An Overview

In India, the term “revocation” refers to the cancellation of patent rights granted to a patent owner. The right to file a patent revocation may be exercised by anyone interested in filing a petition or as a counterclaim in a lawsuit. In this essay, we will provide an overview of the patent revocation process in India.

What is a Patent?

A patent is a title that grants an inventor/investor the exclusive right to prevent others from using, selling, or importing their invention for a specific field within a certain country, for a maximum of 20 years. However, regardless of when a patent is granted, it can be subject to challenge by anyone, either through revocation proceedings or post-grant opposition, as it does not necessarily mean that the patent will be unopposed during its life.

A patent will only be granted to an inventor who fully discloses the invention and publishes the technical details of the invention. Although a patent is a legal protection to the inventor, it is essentially an agreement between the inventor and the government where the inventor is granted short-term control in return for enabling the invention to be made public, thereby increasing the general public's knowledge.

The Indian Patent Act

Patent registration and protection are governed by the Patent Act, 1970, and The Patent Regulations, 2003 in India. The Act was revised with the signing of the TRIPS agreement in 2005 to ensure proper adoption of intellectual property and international harmonization of the patent regime. Significant modifications were made to the Patent Act of 1970 in 1999, 2002, and 2005. An amendment to the Protection of Product Patent for pharma, food, and chemical inventions was introduced in 2005.

To be eligible for a patent in India, an invention or a product must meet the following criteria:

  • The people should be unaware of the invention.
  • The invention must be distinct from any earlier invention.
  • The invention is thought to be useful.
  • The originality of the innovation should not be clear to someone with expertise in the invention's field.

What is Patent Revocation?

When a patent is granted, it is not always the case that it will remain unopposed throughout its life. Some individuals may challenge a patent for various reasons, which may lead to the Revocation of the Patent.

The Indian Patent Act does not presuppose that the granted patents are legitimate; therefore, the rights granted on such issued patents cannot be absolute. Third parties that are required to seek permission from the patentee of the granted patent before exercising any exclusive rights bestowed upon him/her are also given the ability to challenge the patent's validity.

Though Section 64 of the Patent Act, 1970, does not limit the grounds for patent revocation to those specified in Section 64, Section 25(2), which also specifies grounds for post-grant opposition actions, is restrictive in character, and as such, Section 64 cannot be considered exhaustive.

Who May File for Patent Revocation?

According to Section 64 of the Patent Act of 1970, the following individuals can file a petition for patent revocation:

  • Anyone who is interested.
  • The Central Government.
  • In a lawsuit, the person who files for a counterclaim for patent infringement.

Where Can I Submit a Revocation of a Patent Petition?

Any individual listed in Section 64 of the Patent Act of 1970 can file a petition for revocation of a patent with the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IAPB). Section 104 of the Patent Act of 1970 addresses jurisdiction issues when filing a Revocation of Patent petition.

Section 104 provides that a revocation petition alleging patent infringement should not be filed in any court lower than the District Court with jurisdiction in matters related to the infringement. However, if the defendant files a counterclaim for patent revocation, the counterclaim or litigation for patent infringement will be referred to the High Court.

The revocation of a patent is a legal process of challenging the validity of a patent's right. To challenge a grant of a patent, the Indian Patent Act, 1970, provides for a revocation petition under certain circumstances. Important to note that the Patent Act does not assume that the granted patents are absolute. It is, therefore, necessary for any interested party to challenge the grant whenever necessary.

Reasons for Patent Revocation

Keywords: Patent revocation, Patent Act of 1970, grounds for revocation, Section 64, Section 65, Section 66, Section 85

Introduction

In the field of patents, revocation refers to the cancellation or withdrawal of a patent that has been granted. The grounds for patent revocation in India are explicitly mentioned in the Patent Act of 1970. This article will delve into the various reasons and provisions outlined in the Act that enable the revocation of a patent.

Section 64: Patent Revocation Reasons

Under Section 64 of the Patent Act of 1970, several grounds for patent revocation are specified. These grounds include:

  1. Prior Patent: A patent may be revoked if a similar invention has already been granted in India with an earlier filing date or priority date.
  2. Unauthorized Grant: A patent may be revoked if it has been granted to an individual who was not entitled to it.
  3. Illegal Transfer: If a person acquires a patent illegally from someone who is actually entitled to it, the patent can be revoked. Legitimate individuals who are entitled to the patent may apply for its revocation.
  4. Lack of Actual Innovation: In accordance with Section 2(1)(j) of the Patent Act of 1970, if the claimed innovation in the granted patent is not actual, the patent may be revoked. 5. Lack of Novelty: A patent may be revoked if the claimed innovation lacks novelty in terms of prior public use or prior knowledge.
  5. Non-Utilization: If the claimed innovation is not in use or does not produce the desired effects as described in the patent specifications, the patent may be revoked.
  6. Obviousness: If the innovation in the patent is obvious in terms of past public use or prior knowledge, revocation may be invoked.
  7. Lack of Inventive Step: Should there be no inventive step in the patent, it may be subject to revocation.
  8. Exclusion of Personal Documentation: If the claimed invention excludes any personal document, secret use, or secret trace, revocation may be pursued.
  9. Non-Novelty in India: If an invention brought from abroad is not novel in India and is widely known and used prior to the publication or priority date, the patent may be revoked.
  10. Unclear or Inadequate Claims: Revocation can be sought if the scope of any patent claim is not clearly or fully defined in the patent specifications.
  11. Lack of Fair Basis: A patent claim may be revoked if it is not fairly based on the specifications of the patent.
  12. Inadequate Representation: If the patent specification does not fully or adequately represent the patent or the techniques by which it is invented, it may be subject to revocation.
  13. Deception or Suggestion: Revocation can be pursued if the patent was secured by deception or suggestion related to any fact or statement made during the issuance of the patent, or any of the patent's requirements.
  14. Violation of Patent Act: If the patented innovation falls under sections 3 or 4 of the Patent Act of 1970, where certain categories of inventions are not patentable in India, the patent may be revoked.
  15. Non-Compliance with Information Requirements: According to Section 8 of the Patent Act of 1970, if the applicant fails to provide all the required information or provides misleading information about the invention, the patent may be revoked.
  16. Failure to Comply with Confidentiality Directive: Revocation may be initiated if the applicant of the patent fails to comply with the Controller's secrecy directive, as required by Section 35 of the Patent Act of 1970.
  17. Filing Patent Application Outside India without Consent: Non-compliance with the Controller's confidentiality directive for filing a patent application outside India without prior consent from the Controller may lead to revocation.
  18. Deceptive Change in Patent Specifications: If the applicant gains authority to change the whole specifications of a patent through deception under Section 57 or Section 58 of the Patent Act, 1970, revocation may be pursued.
  19. Incomplete Geographical Information: If the patent specification does not fully disclose the geographical origin or source of the biological material used in the invention, it may be subject to revocation.
  20. Traditional Knowledge: If the claimed invention in the patent specification is traditional knowledge available in any local or indigenous group in India or abroad, revocation may be sought.

Section 65: Revocation in Atomic Energy-Related Cases

According to Section 65 of the Patent Act of 1970, the Central Government has the authority to revoke a patent if the invention mentioned in the patent is related to atomic energy. The grant of a patent for an innovation involving atomic energy is limited by the Atomic Energy Act of 1962. Therefore, the Central Government cannot grant a patent in India for an invention linked to atomic energy.

Section 66: Patent Revocation in the Public Interest

Under Section 66 of the Patent Act of 1970, if the Central Government believes that the patent or the exercise of rights associated with the patent is detrimental to the public at large or the state, the patent may be canceled. The patent holder must be given an adequate opportunity to present their case. After considering all relevant facts and giving due process to the patent holder, a decision on patent revocation will be made.

One notable case that exemplifies this provision is the revocation of a patent granted to Avesthagen Ltd. The patent, which aimed to treat diabetes using Jamun, Chandan, and Lavangpatti, was denied by the European Patent Office (EPO) based on infringement of the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). Upon learning of the patent submission, the Central Government of India revoked the patent, declaring that it was not only harmful to the public interest but also malicious.

Section 85: Controller Revocation for Non-Working

Under Section 85 of the Patents Act of 1970, a patent can be revoked for non-working. Any interested individual or the government can request the revocation of a patent to the Controller, specifically for patents for which an obligatory license has been issued. The application for patent revocation must be filed within two years after the obligatory license has been granted.

The following are the grounds for revocation under Section 85:

  1. Non-Operation in Indian Territory: If the patented invention is not operational within Indian territory, the patent may be revoked.
  2. Failure to Meet Public Requirements: Revocation may be sought if the patented invention does not meet the reasonable requirements of the general public.
  3. Accessibility and Affordability: If the patented invention is not available to the general public at a reasonable and affordable price, the patent can be revoked.

Any individual or the government can file an application in Form 19, along with supporting evidence, to initiate the revocation process. If the application is made by an interested party, the nature of their interest must be stated.

The Patent Act of 1970 provides detailed provisions for patent revocation in India. These provisions cover a wide range of scenarios, ensuring that patents are granted and maintained in a manner that aligns with the principles of fairness, public interest, and innovation. Understanding the grounds for patent revocation is crucial for inventors, patent holders, and the general public, as it helps ensure an appropriate balance between protected inventions and the larger societal needs.

FAQ

The revocation of a patent refers to the cancellation or invalidation of the patent rights granted to the patent owner.

There are several reasons why someone may want to revoke a patent, such as if they believe the patent is invalid, if there is patent infringement, or if they have a counterclaim in a lawsuit.

Anyone who is interested in challenging the validity of a patent can file for the revocation of a patent. Additionally, the Central Government and individuals involved in patent infringement lawsuits can also file for revocation.

The grounds for revocation of a patent may vary depending on the jurisdiction, but common grounds include lack of novelty, lack of inventive step, non-disclosure of relevant information, public policy considerations, and incorrect inventorship.

In India, a petition for patent revocation can be filed with the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB). Other countries may have their specific patent offices or intellectual property boards where revocation petitions can be filed.

The process for filing a petition for patent revocation typically involves submitting the necessary forms and documentation to the relevant authority, such as the IPAB. The petitioner will need to clearly state the grounds for revocation and provide supporting evidence.

In some jurisdictions, revocation petitions can be filed both before and after the grant of the patent. It is important to check the specific laws and regulations of the jurisdiction in question.

The duration of the revocation process can vary depending on various factors, such as the complexity of the case, the backlog of cases in the relevant authority, and the specific procedures followed. It is advisable to consult with a legal professional for more accurate information.

If a patent is successfully revoked, the patent rights are canceled, and the patent is considered invalid from the date of revocation onwards. This means that the patent owner no longer has exclusive rights over the patented invention.

Generally, a revoked patent cannot be reinstated. Once a patent is revoked, it is considered permanently canceled. However, specific circumstances or legal provisions may allow for certain exceptions.

Before revocation, a granted patent can be challenged through post-grant opposition or by filing a cancellation or invalidation petition.

Revocation refers specifically to the cancellation of patent rights, while invalidation is a broader term that encompasses the declaration of a patent as invalid due to various reasons.

Yes, there are usually certain fees associated with filing a petition for patent revocation. The amount and nature of the fees may vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific circumstances of the case.

While anyone can file a revocation petition, it is generally advisable for the petitioner to have a direct interest in the patent or a legal basis for challenging its validity.

While it is not mandatory to have legal representation, it is highly recommended to seek the assistance of a qualified patent attorney or lawyer who is familiar with patent law and the revocation process.

After a revocation petition is filed, the relevant authority will review the petition, assess its validity, and determine if there are sufficient grounds to proceed with a revocation hearing or inquiry.

Yes, a patent owner has the right to defend against a revocation petition. They can present their arguments, evidence, and supporting documents to challenge the grounds for revocation.

If you believe your patent has been wrongfully revoked, you may have the option to appeal the revocation decision, seek legal remedies, or consult with a patent attorney to explore the available courses of action.

In some cases, a patent may be partially revoked if only certain claims or aspects of the patent are found to be invalid. This would result in the remaining valid claims or aspects still being protected by the patent.

Yes, there are usually time limits or statutes of limitations for filing a revocation petition. It is important to be aware of and adhere to these time limits to ensure the petition is considered valid.

Generally, revocation petitions are not filed anonymously. The identity of the petitioner is usually disclosed as part of the filing process.

Non-use of a patent is generally not a ground for revocation. However, specific jurisdictions may have their own laws or provisions regarding non-use of a patent and its potential impact on validity.

Yes, a patent holder can choose to voluntarily withdraw or abandon their own patent. This is not the same as revocation, as it is initiated by the patent owner themselves.

When a patent is revoked, the proprietary rights associated with the patent are also canceled or invalidated. This means that others are no longer prohibited from using, selling, or importing the previously protected invention.

Yes, a revocation petition can be withdrawn by the petitioner before a final decision or judgment is reached. However, it is advisable to consult with legal counsel before making any decisions regarding the withdrawal of a petition.

Yes, it is possible for a patent to be revoked without going to court. Depending on the jurisdiction, revocation petitions may be handled by specialized administrative bodies, such as patent offices or intellectual property boards.

Yes, a patent revocation can have an impact on ongoing patent infringement lawsuits. It may change the legal landscape and affect the outcome of the litigation.

If multiple revocation petitions are filed against a patent, they may be consolidated into a single proceeding or reviewed separately. The relevant authority will assess the grounds and evidence presented in each petition.

Yes, under specific circumstances, a granted patent can be subject to revocation outside the jurisdiction it was granted in. This typically depends on the reciprocal agreements and arrangements between countries regarding intellectual property rights.

Yes, even if a patent is revoked, it can still be cited as prior art and may be relevant in determining the patentability of future inventions or in ongoing patent disputes.

Yes, a granted patent can be challenged for revocation based on prior art. Prior art refers to any evidence that shows the invention claimed in the patent is not novel or has been previously disclosed.

The burden of proof in a revocation proceeding usually rests on the party challenging the validity of the patent. They must provide sufficient evidence and arguments to support their claim that the patent should be revoked.

Yes, a third party can challenge the grant of a patent before revocation under certain circumstances. This can be done through post-grant opposition or other similar procedures available in the respective jurisdiction.

In some cases, if the inventor is not listed as the applicant, it may raise questions about the validity of the patent. This can potentially be a ground for challenging the patent’s validity and seeking revocation.

Generally, revoked patents cannot be used in litigation to claim damages, as the revocation renders the patent invalid. However, it is advisable to consult with legal counsel to understand the specific implications in your jurisdiction.

Changes in technology or industry standards alone are generally not sufficient grounds for revoking a granted patent. However, such changes may be used as evidence to support other grounds for revocation, such as lack of novelty or non-obviousness.

Yes, a patent owner can continue to use their invention even after the revocation of their patent.

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